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why Modeling Strategy Matters in Procedural CAD Modeling why Modeling Strategy Matters in Procedural CAD Modeling

Why does modeling strategy matter so much in procedural CAD? Two scripts can produce the exact same geometry while showing very different generation times.

Using a concrete build123d example, this article explains why certain operations, such as fillets, become expensive when repeated at scale, and how a simple change in approach can drastically reduce computation time.

A clear overview of the key challenges in procedural modeling, highlighting the direct impact of design choices on CAD engine performance.

A selection of custom 3D models

📦 Model #4497

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 32–19 mm (Length: 65 mm)
Tube fitting ⌀32 mm to ⌀19 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this junction is 65 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 20 mm. The ends are not rounded.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 32 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 20 mm
side B outer diameter 19 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 10 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet
3D model of washer / gasket in STL 3D file format. This part features an inner diameter of ⌀3.9 mm and an outer diameter of ⌀6.9 mm. The total thickness is 4.3 mm. This part has no finish applied.
Parameter Value Unit
inner diameter 3.9 mm
outer diameter 6.9 mm
thickness 4.3 mm
finish none

📦 Model #4503

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 125–80 mm (Length: 105 mm)
Straight tube coupler ⌀125 mm to ⌀80 mm in STL format. Total length of this junction is 105 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends are raw.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 125 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 80 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 30 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #4475

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 40–37 mm (Length: 118 mm)
Straight tube fitting ⌀40 mm to ⌀37 mm in STL format. Total length of this connector is 118 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 38 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends have a fillet to make tube connection easier.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 38 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 37 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...
3D file of a mounting bracket with a central reinforcement in STL format. The dimensions are 150 mm in length, 150 mm in height, 14 mm in width, and 6 mm in thickness. The screw holes are designed with a diameter of 6 mm. Chamfers are applied to the holes to improve the seating of the heads. The central reinforcement bar reduces bending and provides two clearances for screwdriver access. No support is needed to print this bracket, printed flat on the build plate.
Parameter Value Unit
length 150 mm
height 150 mm
width 14 mm
thickness 6 mm
hole diameter 6 mm
chamfer on the holes yes
File of a round air vent for ventilation in STL format. Its insertion diameter measures 80 mm. The slats have a steep angle of 60° and a high thickness of 2.4 mm. A central reinforcement secures the whole structure. This aeration grille has a flange of 10 mm. The overall diameter of the model is 100 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
male diameter 80 mm
slat angle 60 °
slat thickness 2.4 mm
flange width 10 mm
central reinforcement yes

📦 Model #4396

1 object(s)
- format STL
Honeycomb grid STL file, 250x250mm, mesh: 10mm
Square grid model as a STL file. The overall size is 250x250 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 250 mm
width or center-to-center 250 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes no
Round box with lid STL 3D file ⌀ 134 mm - Height: 20 mm, Shell: 2 mm
View of object #0
Get this circular box model in 3D STL format. Its diameter is 134 mm and its total height is 20 mm. The wall thickness is 2 mm. A fillet located at the bottom of the box makes it easier to grip objects.
Parameter Value Unit
external diameter 134 mm
total height 20 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
fit clearance 0.2 mm
inner bottom fillet 1 mm
Small parts organizer with 25 drawers 40×25×80 mm STL file, thickness: 3 mm
View of object #0
File of storage drawers in STL format. This model contains 25 boxes, arranged in 5 rows and 5 columns. Specifically, this means 5 rows of 5 boxes. Each box measures 40 mm wide, 25 mm high, and 80 mm deep. The wall thickness is 3 mm, which makes the structure solid. The global dimensions of the structure come to 250.5 x 160.5 x 89 mm. All the objects in this model were designed to be printable without support generation.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 5
number of columns 5
inner drawer depth 80 mm
inner drawer width 40 mm
inner drawer height 25 mm
wall thickness 3 mm
removable divider none

📦 Model #4174

2 object(s)
- format STL
Enclosure with screw-mounted lid STL 3D file: 112×112×65 mm
View of object #0
Enclosure model with screwed lid in 3D STL format. The dimensions are 112 mm long by 112 mm wide and 65 mm high. The cover only measures 30 mm high. Wall thickness is 3 mm. The enclosure does not feature cooling.
Parameter Value Unit
length 112 mm
width 112 mm
total height 65 mm
lid height 30 mm
wall thickness 3 mm
screw margin 0 mm
fit clearance 0.1 mm
cooling zone(s) no cutouts
Rectangular box with lid STL file – 99×74×20 mm, wall thickness 2 mm
View of object #0
STL 3D file for a rectangular box with a lid. The box measures 99 mm in length, 74 mm in width, and 20 mm in height. Wall thickness is 2 mm, giving the box a thin-wall design. The box has rounded edges inside and out. A clearance is provided for an accurate lid-to-box fit. The internal dimensions, excluding rounding, are 95 mm × 70 mm × 16 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
length 99 mm
width 74 mm
height 20 mm
wall thikness 2 mm
STL 3D file for an oval adapter. The internal cross-section on side A is 130x90 mm, while on side B it is 100x40 mm. The useful sleeve length on side A is 50 mm, while on side B it reaches 20 mm. The transition section between the two ends is 100 mm long, for an overall length of 170 mm (sleeve A, transition and sleeve B). No chamfer is applied at the ends, so both the inner and outer edges remain sharp.
Parameter Value Unit
side A internal width 130 mm
side A internal height 90 mm
sleeve length on side A 50 mm
side B internal width 100 mm
side B internal height 40 mm
sleeve length on side B 20 mm
thickness 3 mm
transition length 100 mm
Y offset 0 mm
Z offset 0 mm
end chamfers none

📦 Model #4120

1 object(s)
- format STL
Multi-compartment box STL 3D file: 6 compartments of 39×5×35 mm
This parametric compartment box includes 6 storage spaces measuring 39×5×35mm each. The total dimensions are 43×44×37mm.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 6
number of columns 1
compartment length 39 mm
compartment width 5 mm
compartment height 35 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
compartment fillet (radius) 1 mm

📦 Model #4423

1 object(s)
- format STL
Honeycomb grid STL file, 60x30mm, mesh: 3mm
3D rectangular honeycomb grid model as a STL file. The overall size is 60x30 mm, with very fine 3 mm cell size for strong protection. This type of grid serves both protection and ventilation roles.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 60 mm
width or center-to-center 30 mm
mesh size 3 mm
dual color no
holes no
Small parts organizer with 16 drawers 70×70×150 mm STL file, thickness: 4 mm
View of object #0
Download this file of a storage organizer in 3D STL format. This model features 16 compartments, arranged in 4 rows and 4 columns. Practically speaking, this means 4 rows of 4 compartments. Each compartment comes with an inner space of 70 mm wide, 70 mm high, and 150 mm deep. The wall thickness is 4 mm, which makes the structure very solid. The compartments include 1 divider each, which allows up to 2 compartments per compartment and up to 32 compartments in total. The global dimensions of the structure measure 334 x 318 x 162 mm. All the objects in this model were designed to be printed without support.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 4
number of columns 4
inner drawer depth 150 mm
inner drawer width 70 mm
inner drawer height 70 mm
wall thickness 4 mm
removable divider one divider ...
Protective grid STL 3D file, center-to-center: 200x110mm, mesh: 6mm - Ø8mm
View of object #0
Rectangular protective honeycomb grid file in STL format. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 200x110 mm), each with a diameter of Ø8 mm. The overall dimensions reach 216x126 mm, with open 6 mm cell size to maximize airflow. A secondary color border highlights the perimeter. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 200 mm
width or center-to-center 110 mm
mesh size 6 mm
dual color yes
holes yes
hole diameter 8 mm
3D square protective honeycomb grid model as a STL file. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 107x107 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 117x117 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 107 mm
width or center-to-center 107 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm

📦 Model #4430

1 object(s)
- format STL
Pipe clip holder Ø26 mm STL file · Pan head screw Ø3 mm
3D model of a Ø26 mm pipe clip mount in STL format. The installation is done by means of a pan head screw Ø3 mm. This snap-on pipe mount is intended for a stable hold and simple mounting.
Parameter Value Unit
tube diameter 26 mm
hole diameter 3 mm
countersunk screw no
File of a pipe elbow with a 180° angle in STL format. This elbow has an external diameter of 56 mm and an internal diameter of 50 mm. The tube thickness is therefore 3 mm. End fillets make it easier to assemble.
Parameter Value Unit
outer diameter 56 mm
inner diameter 50 mm
angle 180 °
end fillets yes

📦 Model #3502

1 object(s)
- format STL
Protective grid STL 3D file, 60x60mm, mesh: 8mm
Download this 3D square honeycomb grid model in STL format. The overall size is 60x60 mm, with wide 8 mm cell size for optimal air circulation. This type of grid serves both protection and ventilation roles.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 60 mm
width or center-to-center 60 mm
mesh size 8 mm
dual color no
holes no
Download this file in STL format of a round-to-rectangular tube adapter with an external diameter of ⌀73 mm and a rectangular section with internal dimensions 151×151 mm. The wall thickness is 2 mm and the total length is 50 mm. The adapter has an offset of 2 mm along the Y axis and 2 mm along the Z axis. Chamfers are present on the outside of the cylindrical end and on the inside of the rectangular end to ease insertion.
Parameter Value Unit
cylinder outer diameter 73 mm
cylinder inlet length 20 mm
rectangle internal length 151 mm
rectangle internal height 151 mm
rectangle inlet length 5 mm
offset Z 2 mm
offset Y 2 mm
total length 50 mm
thickness 2 mm
chamfer chamfers on ...
Download this rectangular protective honeycomb grid model in STL format. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 210x110 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 220x120 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for peak ventilation. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 210 mm
width or center-to-center 110 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm

📦 Model #2390

1 object(s)
- format STL
Round air vent STL 3D file ∅ 115 mm, slat angle: 45°
3D file of a round grille for air circulation in STL format. Its male diameter is 115 mm. The slats have an angle of 45° and a high thickness of 2 mm. This ventilation grille has a collar of 10 mm. The full diameter of this model is 135 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
male diameter 115 mm
slat angle 45 °
slat thickness 2 mm
flange width 10 mm
central reinforcement no

📦 Model #1102

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 200–160 mm (Length: 450 mm)
Straight tube fitting ⌀200 mm to ⌀160 mm in STL format. Total length of this coupler is 450 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a thickness of 6 mm and a sleeve length of 200 mm. The smaller-diameter tube has a thickness of 4 mm and a length of 150 mm. The axes of the tubes are offset by 17 mm. The ends are raw.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 200 mm
side A outer diameter 200 mm
side A thickness 6 mm
side B length 150 mm
side B outer diameter 160 mm
side B thickness 4 mm
transition length 100 mm
axis offset 17 mm
ends fillet no fillet
Oval pipe adapter provided as a STL 3D file. The internal cross-section on side A is 100x70 mm, while on side B it is 80x40 mm. You get a sleeve of 5 mm on side A and 10 mm on side B. The transition section is 20 mm long, for a final overall length of 35 mm. The shell is relatively thick, with a wall thickness of 4 mm. External chamfers are added at the ends to make it easier to insert the adapter into ducts or hoses.
Parameter Value Unit
side A internal width 100 mm
side A internal height 70 mm
sleeve length on side A 5 mm
side B internal width 80 mm
side B internal height 40 mm
sleeve length on side B 10 mm
thickness 4 mm
transition length 20 mm
Y offset 0 mm
Z offset 0 mm
end chamfers outside

📦 Model #1483

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 200–50 mm (Length: 80 mm)
Tube reducer ⌀200 mm to ⌀50 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this junction is 80 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 30 mm, the smaller one of 30 mm as well. The ends have no fillet.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 30 mm
side A outer diameter 200 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 30 mm
side B outer diameter 50 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 20 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet
Small parts organizer with 6 drawers 68×93×150 mm STL 3D file, thickness: 2 mm
View of object #0
Download this 3D file of storage drawers in STL format. This model contains 6 boxes, arranged in 1 rows and 6 columns. Practically speaking, this means 1 rows of 6 boxes. Each box offers a storage volume of 68 mm wide, 93 mm high, and 150 mm deep. The wall thickness is 2 mm. The overall dimensions of the box measure 449 x 99.5 x 156 mm. All the objects in this model are intended to be printable without support generation.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 1
number of columns 6
inner drawer depth 150 mm
inner drawer width 68 mm
inner drawer height 93 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
removable divider none
Download this model of a mounting bracket with reinforcement in STL format. The dimensions are 150 mm in length, 150 mm in height, 24 mm in width, and 12 mm in thickness. The holes are designed with a diameter of 6 mm. Chamfers are done to the holes to improve the seating of the heads. The reinforcing bar enhances mechanical strength and provides two openings for screwdriver access. This bracket prints without support, printed flat directly on the build plate.
Parameter Value Unit
length 150 mm
height 150 mm
width 24 mm
thickness 12 mm
hole diameter 6 mm
chamfer on the holes yes

📦 Model #4476

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 40–37 mm (Length: 115 mm)
Tube adapter ⌀40 mm to ⌀37 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this connector is 115 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends are rounded to facilitate the connection of the two tubes.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 37 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...
Honeycomb grid STL 3D file, center-to-center: 70x70mm, mesh: 10mm - Ø4mm
View of object #0
3D square grid model as a STL file. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 70x70 mm), each with a diameter of Ø4 mm. The overall dimensions reach 78x78 mm, with extra wide 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. A secondary color frame emphasizes the border. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 70 mm
width or center-to-center 70 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color yes
holes yes
hole diameter 4 mm

STL: Advantages and Disadvantages for 3D Printing

The STL format is, without question, a cornerstone of 3D printing. This exchange format has established itself as the universal standard for representing 3D models ever since the early days of stereolithography. Its main strength lies in its simplicity: it describes the surface of an object using countless small triangles that form a mesh. This approach, known as tessellation, makes STL 3D files universally compatible with nearly all CAD software and slicers. If you’d like to learn more about this format, check out our article STL: What Is This 3D File Format?.

One of the major advantages of the format lies in this universality: whether you’re using a complex modeling program or a simpler design tool, you can export your 3D models in STL 3D format with near certainty that they’ll be interpreted correctly by your 3D printer. This ease of exchange has played a key role in the widespread adoption of 3D printing, allowing anyone to share and print objects without worrying about software compatibility. Once again, simplicity is its greatest strength.

However, that same simplicity also brings certain limitations. The triangle mesh, while effective for describing geometry, contains no information about colors, textures, or materials. For more advanced projects requiring these details, the STL format starts to show its weaknesses. Additionally, print quality depends directly on the fineness of the tessellation: too few triangles can lead to rough or faceted surfaces, while an overly dense mesh can make the file unnecessarily heavy.

Another notable drawback is the lack of unit management. An STL file doesn’t specify whether dimensions are in millimeters, centimeters, or inches, which can sometimes cause scaling errors when importing into a slicer. Despite these limitations, the STL format remains the go-to standard for converting your 3D models into G-code — the language your printer understands. It continues to be the preferred choice for its robustness and broad compatibility, even as newer formats like 3MF emerge for more specialized needs.

What is parametric modeling?

Parametric modeling is a fundamental approach in computer-aided design (CAD) that reshapes how 3D models are created and managed. Far from being a simple drawing technique, it represents a genuine design philosophy where objects are defined not by fixed shapes, but by variables and intelligent relationships.

This method makes it possible to modify the length, width, or diameter of a part and have the entire design adapt automatically, without the need to redraw everything. At the core of the process are parameters—numerical values (length, angle, thickness, etc.)—linked together through constraints and formulas. For instance, the diameter of a hole can be defined as half the width of a plate; if the width changes, the hole’s diameter instantly adjusts, ensuring the consistency of the design. This interdependence makes 3D models flexible and responsive to changes. One of the main advantages of parametric modeling lies in its ability to simplify customization and enable rapid iteration of designs.

Whether through modeling software such as Fusion 360 or FreeCAD, or through code-based libraries like build123d, this approach allows effortless exploration of a wide range of variations. Such flexibility is especially valuable across multiple fields—from mechanical engineering and architecture to consumer product design. It saves considerable time, reduces errors, and improves the performance of parts.

By defining design intent from the start through these parameters and constraints, the model preserves its integrity and functionality even after numerous modifications. It is a powerful way to transform an idea into a tangible object, ready to adapt to new situations.