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why Modeling Strategy Matters in Procedural CAD Modeling why Modeling Strategy Matters in Procedural CAD Modeling

Why does modeling strategy matter so much in procedural CAD? Two scripts can produce the exact same geometry while showing very different generation times.

Using a concrete build123d example, this article explains why certain operations, such as fillets, become expensive when repeated at scale, and how a simple change in approach can drastically reduce computation time.

A clear overview of the key challenges in procedural modeling, highlighting the direct impact of design choices on CAD engine performance.

A selection of custom 3D models

📦 Model #4396

1 object(s)
- format STL
Honeycomb grid STL file, 250x250mm, mesh: 10mm
Square grid model as a STL file. The overall size is 250x250 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 250 mm
width or center-to-center 250 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes no

📦 Model #4476

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 40–37 mm (Length: 115 mm)
Tube adapter ⌀40 mm to ⌀37 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this connector is 115 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends are rounded to facilitate the connection of the two tubes.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 37 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...

📦 Model #2204

1 object(s)
- format STL
Multi-compartment box STL file: 14 compartments of 100×30×30 mm
This STL 3D model features 14 sections measuring 100×30×30mm each. The total dimensions are 716×66×32mm. Fillets of 5mm applied to all compartments make it easier to grasp items stored in slots.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 2
number of columns 7
compartment length 100 mm
compartment width 30 mm
compartment height 30 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
compartment fillet (radius) 5 mm
Square protective honeycomb grid model as a STL file. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 65x65 mm), each with a diameter of Ø4 mm. The overall dimensions reach 73x73 mm, with regular 5 mm cell size for balanced airflow and protection. This grid provides both mechanical protection and airflow.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 65 mm
width or center-to-center 65 mm
mesh size 5 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 4 mm
Download this file of gasket / washer in STL 3D file format. This model features an internal diameter of ⌀12 mm and an external diameter of ⌀14 mm. The part thickness is 2 mm. Fillets are applied on both the internal diameter and the external diameter, each with a value of 0.2 mm. These finishes are applied on the top and bottom.
Parameter Value Unit
inner diameter 12 mm
outer diameter 14 mm
thickness 2 mm
finish fillet
finish position inner + oute...
sides two sides
finish value 0.2 mm
3D square protective honeycomb grid model as a STL file. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 107x107 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 117x117 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 107 mm
width or center-to-center 107 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm
Round box with lid STL 3D file ⌀ 134 mm - Height: 20 mm, Shell: 2 mm
View of object #0
Get this circular box model in 3D STL format. Its diameter is 134 mm and its total height is 20 mm. The wall thickness is 2 mm. A fillet located at the bottom of the box makes it easier to grip objects.
Parameter Value Unit
external diameter 134 mm
total height 20 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
fit clearance 0.2 mm
inner bottom fillet 1 mm
3D model of washer / gasket in STL 3D file format. This part features an inner diameter of ⌀3.9 mm and an outer diameter of ⌀6.9 mm. The total thickness is 4.3 mm. This part has no finish applied.
Parameter Value Unit
inner diameter 3.9 mm
outer diameter 6.9 mm
thickness 4.3 mm
finish none

📦 Model #2390

1 object(s)
- format STL
Round air vent STL 3D file ∅ 115 mm, slat angle: 45°
3D file of a round grille for air circulation in STL format. Its male diameter is 115 mm. The slats have an angle of 45° and a high thickness of 2 mm. This ventilation grille has a collar of 10 mm. The full diameter of this model is 135 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
male diameter 115 mm
slat angle 45 °
slat thickness 2 mm
flange width 10 mm
central reinforcement no
Download this 3D rectangular honeycomb grid as a STL file. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 60x40 mm), each with a diameter of Ø4 mm. The overall dimensions reach 68x48 mm, with medium 5 mm cell size for balanced airflow and protection. This type of grid provides mechanical protection and ventilation.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 60 mm
width or center-to-center 40 mm
mesh size 5 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 4 mm

📦 Model #1928

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 94–80 mm (Length: 80 mm)
Inline sleeve ⌀94 mm to ⌀80 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this coupler is 80 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a length of 20 mm, the smaller one of 50 mm. The axes of the tubes are off-center by 5.9 mm. The ends are rounded on the outside.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 20 mm
side A outer diameter 94 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 50 mm
side B outer diameter 80 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 10 mm
axis offset 5.9 mm
ends fillet fillet on th...

📦 Model #1553

1 object(s)
- format STL
Multi-compartment box STL file: 40 compartments of 65×15×10 mm
This STL 3D model features 40 slots measuring 65×15×10mm each. Overall dimensions are 672×70×12mm. The cavities lack any fillet.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 4
number of columns 10
compartment length 65 mm
compartment width 15 mm
compartment height 10 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
compartment fillet (radius) 0 mm

📦 Model #3710

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL file ⌀ 300–100 mm (Length: 350 mm)
Inline tube coupler ⌀300 mm to ⌀100 mm in STL format. Final length of this reducer is 350 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a length of 20 mm, the smaller one of 30 mm. The axes of the tubes are off-center by 99.9 mm. The ends are raw.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 20 mm
side A outer diameter 300 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 30 mm
side B outer diameter 100 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 300 mm
axis offset 99.9 mm
ends fillet no fillet
3D file in STL format of a round-to-rectangular adapter with an external diameter of ⌀65 mm and a rectangular section with inner dimensions 50×63 mm. The shell thickness is 2 mm and the overall length is 80 mm. A chamfer is applied on the outside of the cylindrical end.
Parameter Value Unit
cylinder outer diameter 65 mm
cylinder inlet length 30 mm
rectangle internal length 50 mm
rectangle internal height 63 mm
rectangle inlet length 30 mm
offset Z 0 mm
offset Y 0 mm
total length 80 mm
thickness 2 mm
chamfer chamfer on t...
Download this 3D model of a pot in STL 3D format. This container can be used for sorting small parts in a workshop or on a desk. The shape is slightly open, with a inner height of 60 mm, a inner diameter at the top of 55 mm, and a inner diameter at the bottom of 50 mm. The wall is particularly thick. The total height is 64 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
inner bottom diameter 50 mm
inner top diameter 55 mm
inner height 60 mm
wall thickness 4 mm

📦 Model #2797

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL file ⌀ 97–70 mm (Length: 90 mm)
Tubing adapter ⌀97 mm to ⌀70 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this coupler is 90 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 30 mm, the smaller one of 30 mm as well. The ends are not rounded.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 30 mm
side A outer diameter 97 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 30 mm
side B outer diameter 70 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 30 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #2569

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 155–90 mm (Length: 160 mm)
Straight tube coupler ⌀155 mm to ⌀90 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this connector is 160 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a thickness of 4 mm and a length of 60 mm. The smaller-diameter tube has a thickness of 5 mm and a length of 40 mm. The two axes of the tubes are off-center by 25.4 mm. The ends are not rounded.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 60 mm
side A outer diameter 155 mm
side A thickness 4 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 90 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 60 mm
axis offset 25.4 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #4503

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 125–80 mm (Length: 105 mm)
Straight tube coupler ⌀125 mm to ⌀80 mm in STL format. Total length of this junction is 105 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends are raw.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 125 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 80 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 30 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet
Download this 3D file of a simple U-shaped furniture handle. The external dimensions are 50×100×14 mm. This handle has a square section and a rounded transition. The holes are 4 mm diameter with a center-to-center distance of 86 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
width 50 mm
length 100 mm
thickness 14 mm
shape (0:square,1:circle) 0
transition (0:right,1:rounded) 1
fillet radius 0 mm
hole diameter 4 mm

📦 Model #4475

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 40–37 mm (Length: 118 mm)
Straight tube fitting ⌀40 mm to ⌀37 mm in STL format. Total length of this connector is 118 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 38 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends have a fillet to make tube connection easier.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 38 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 37 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...
Download this rectangular protective honeycomb grid model in STL format. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 210x110 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 220x120 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for peak ventilation. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 210 mm
width or center-to-center 110 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm
3D file in STL format of a round-to-rectangular adapter with an external diameter of ⌀100 mm and a rectangular section with internal dimensions 200×30 mm. The shell thickness is 2 mm and the total length is 80 mm. The adapter has an offset of 15 mm along the Y axis and 15 mm along the Z axis. Chamfers are present on the outside of the cylindrical end and on the inside of the rectangular end.
Parameter Value Unit
cylinder outer diameter 100 mm
cylinder inlet length 30 mm
rectangle internal length 200 mm
rectangle internal height 30 mm
rectangle inlet length 20 mm
offset Z 15 mm
offset Y 15 mm
total length 80 mm
thickness 2 mm
chamfer chamfers on ...

📦 Model #3502

1 object(s)
- format STL
Protective grid STL 3D file, 60x60mm, mesh: 8mm
Download this 3D square honeycomb grid model in STL format. The overall size is 60x60 mm, with wide 8 mm cell size for optimal air circulation. This type of grid serves both protection and ventilation roles.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 60 mm
width or center-to-center 60 mm
mesh size 8 mm
dual color no
holes no

📦 Model #1483

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 200–50 mm (Length: 80 mm)
Tube reducer ⌀200 mm to ⌀50 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this junction is 80 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 30 mm, the smaller one of 30 mm as well. The ends have no fillet.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 30 mm
side A outer diameter 200 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 30 mm
side B outer diameter 50 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 20 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet
Download this file of gasket / washer in STL format. This model has an internal diameter of ⌀57 mm and an external diameter of ⌀71 mm. The total thickness is 5 mm. A chamfer is applied on the internal diameter with a value of 4 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
inner diameter 57 mm
outer diameter 71 mm
thickness 5 mm
finish chamfer
finish position inner
sides one side
finish value 4 mm
Download this 3D model of a U-shaped handle. The overall dimensions are 35×100×20 mm. This handle features a round section combined with a 90-degree transition. The mounting holes are 5 mm diameter with a center-to-center distance of 80 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
width 35 mm
length 100 mm
thickness 20 mm
shape (0:square,1:circle) 1
transition (0:right,1:rounded) 0
fillet radius 0 mm
hole diameter 5 mm
Small parts organizer with 3 drawers 150×33×90 mm STL 3D file, thickness: 2 mm
View of object #0
Download this file of a drawer organizer in STL format. This model features 3 drawers, arranged in 3 rows and 1 columns. Practically speaking, this means 3 rows of 1 drawers. Each drawer provides an inside space of 150 mm wide, 33 mm high, and 90 mm deep. The wall thickness is 2 mm. The drawers come with 1 divider each, which allows up to 2 compartments per drawer and up to 6 sections in total. The total size of the structure come to 158.5 x 114.5 x 96 mm. All the objects in this model are intended to be printable without support generation.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 3
number of columns 1
inner drawer depth 90 mm
inner drawer width 150 mm
inner drawer height 33 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
removable divider one divider ...
3D file of a mounting bracket with a central reinforcement in STL format. The dimensions are 150 mm in length, 150 mm in height, 14 mm in width, and 6 mm in thickness. The screw holes are designed with a diameter of 6 mm. Chamfers are applied to the holes to improve the seating of the heads. The central reinforcement bar reduces bending and provides two clearances for screwdriver access. No support is needed to print this bracket, printed flat on the build plate.
Parameter Value Unit
length 150 mm
height 150 mm
width 14 mm
thickness 6 mm
hole diameter 6 mm
chamfer on the holes yes

📦 Model #4497

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 32–19 mm (Length: 65 mm)
Tube fitting ⌀32 mm to ⌀19 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this junction is 65 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 20 mm. The ends are not rounded.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 32 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 20 mm
side B outer diameter 19 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 10 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #2060

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 110–100 mm (Length: 35 mm)
Diameter adapter ⌀110 mm to ⌀100 mm in STL format. Length of this fitting is 35 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 20 mm, the smaller one of 10 mm. The ends are rounded on the outside to ease the connection.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 20 mm
side A outer diameter 110 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 10 mm
side B outer diameter 100 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 5 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on th...

STL: Advantages and Disadvantages for 3D Printing

The STL format is, without question, a cornerstone of 3D printing. This exchange format has established itself as the universal standard for representing 3D models ever since the early days of stereolithography. Its main strength lies in its simplicity: it describes the surface of an object using countless small triangles that form a mesh. This approach, known as tessellation, makes STL 3D files universally compatible with nearly all CAD software and slicers. If you’d like to learn more about this format, check out our article STL: What Is This 3D File Format?.

One of the major advantages of the format lies in this universality: whether you’re using a complex modeling program or a simpler design tool, you can export your 3D models in STL 3D format with near certainty that they’ll be interpreted correctly by your 3D printer. This ease of exchange has played a key role in the widespread adoption of 3D printing, allowing anyone to share and print objects without worrying about software compatibility. Once again, simplicity is its greatest strength.

However, that same simplicity also brings certain limitations. The triangle mesh, while effective for describing geometry, contains no information about colors, textures, or materials. For more advanced projects requiring these details, the STL format starts to show its weaknesses. Additionally, print quality depends directly on the fineness of the tessellation: too few triangles can lead to rough or faceted surfaces, while an overly dense mesh can make the file unnecessarily heavy.

Another notable drawback is the lack of unit management. An STL file doesn’t specify whether dimensions are in millimeters, centimeters, or inches, which can sometimes cause scaling errors when importing into a slicer. Despite these limitations, the STL format remains the go-to standard for converting your 3D models into G-code — the language your printer understands. It continues to be the preferred choice for its robustness and broad compatibility, even as newer formats like 3MF emerge for more specialized needs.

What is parametric modeling?

Parametric modeling is a fundamental approach in computer-aided design (CAD) that reshapes how 3D models are created and managed. Far from being a simple drawing technique, it represents a genuine design philosophy where objects are defined not by fixed shapes, but by variables and intelligent relationships.

This method makes it possible to modify the length, width, or diameter of a part and have the entire design adapt automatically, without the need to redraw everything. At the core of the process are parameters—numerical values (length, angle, thickness, etc.)—linked together through constraints and formulas. For instance, the diameter of a hole can be defined as half the width of a plate; if the width changes, the hole’s diameter instantly adjusts, ensuring the consistency of the design. This interdependence makes 3D models flexible and responsive to changes. One of the main advantages of parametric modeling lies in its ability to simplify customization and enable rapid iteration of designs.

Whether through modeling software such as Fusion 360 or FreeCAD, or through code-based libraries like build123d, this approach allows effortless exploration of a wide range of variations. Such flexibility is especially valuable across multiple fields—from mechanical engineering and architecture to consumer product design. It saves considerable time, reduces errors, and improves the performance of parts.

By defining design intent from the start through these parameters and constraints, the model preserves its integrity and functionality even after numerous modifications. It is a powerful way to transform an idea into a tangible object, ready to adapt to new situations.