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why Modeling Strategy Matters in Procedural CAD Modeling why Modeling Strategy Matters in Procedural CAD Modeling

Why does modeling strategy matter so much in procedural CAD? Two scripts can produce the exact same geometry while showing very different generation times.

Using a concrete build123d example, this article explains why certain operations, such as fillets, become expensive when repeated at scale, and how a simple change in approach can drastically reduce computation time.

A clear overview of the key challenges in procedural modeling, highlighting the direct impact of design choices on CAD engine performance.

A selection of custom 3D models

3D file of a mounting bracket with a central reinforcement in STL format. The dimensions are 150 mm in length, 150 mm in height, 14 mm in width, and 6 mm in thickness. The screw holes are designed with a diameter of 6 mm. Chamfers are applied to the holes to improve the seating of the heads. The central reinforcement bar reduces bending and provides two clearances for screwdriver access. No support is needed to print this bracket, printed flat on the build plate.
Parameter Value Unit
length 150 mm
height 150 mm
width 14 mm
thickness 6 mm
hole diameter 6 mm
chamfer on the holes yes
Small parts organizer with 12 drawers 35×25×60 mm STL 3D file, thickness: 2 mm
View of object #0
Download this file of a DIY organizer in 3D STL format. This model features 12 drawers, arranged in 4 rows and 3 columns. Practically speaking, this means 4 rows of 3 drawers. Each drawer measures 35 mm wide, 25 mm high, and 60 mm deep. The wall thickness is 2 mm. The drawers include 1 divider each, which allows up to 2 sections per drawer and up to 24 sections in total. The global dimensions of the box are 126.5 x 120 x 66 mm. All the objects in this model were designed to be printable without support generation.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 4
number of columns 3
inner drawer depth 60 mm
inner drawer width 35 mm
inner drawer height 25 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
removable divider one divider ...
Round box with lid STL 3D file ⌀ 134 mm - Height: 20 mm, Shell: 2 mm
View of object #0
Get this circular box model in 3D STL format. Its diameter is 134 mm and its total height is 20 mm. The wall thickness is 2 mm. A fillet located at the bottom of the box makes it easier to grip objects.
Parameter Value Unit
external diameter 134 mm
total height 20 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
fit clearance 0.2 mm
inner bottom fillet 1 mm
Download this rectangular protective honeycomb grid model in STL format. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 210x110 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 220x120 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for peak ventilation. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 210 mm
width or center-to-center 110 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm
Small parts organizer with 6 drawers 60×60×150 mm STL 3D file, thickness: 2 mm
View of object #0
Download this 3D model of a storage organizer in STL format. This model features 6 drawers, arranged in 2 rows and 3 columns. Practically speaking, this means 2 rows of 3 drawers. Each drawer comes with an inner space of 60 mm wide, 60 mm high, and 150 mm deep. The wall thickness is 2 mm. The external dimensions of the structure come to 201.5 x 131 x 156 mm. All the objects in this model are intended to be printed without support.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 2
number of columns 3
inner drawer depth 150 mm
inner drawer width 60 mm
inner drawer height 60 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
removable divider none
Small parts organizer with 25 drawers 90×70×150 mm STL 3D file, thickness: 3 mm
View of object #0
Download this file of a multi-drawer box in STL format. This model contains 25 boxes, arranged in 5 rows and 5 columns. Specifically, this means 5 rows of 5 boxes. Each box has usable dimensions of 90 mm wide, 70 mm high, and 150 mm deep. The wall thickness is 3 mm, which makes the structure solid. The external dimensions of the structure are 500.5 x 385.5 x 159 mm. All the objects in this model are intended to be printable without support generation.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 5
number of columns 5
inner drawer depth 150 mm
inner drawer width 90 mm
inner drawer height 70 mm
wall thickness 3 mm
removable divider none

📦 Model #1883

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 125–100 mm (Length: 70 mm)
Inline tube junction ⌀125 mm to ⌀100 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this junction is 70 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a length of 20 mm, the smaller one of 25 mm. The axes of the tubes are off-center by 1 mm. The ends are not rounded.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 20 mm
side A outer diameter 125 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 25 mm
side B outer diameter 100 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 25 mm
axis offset 1 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #4396

1 object(s)
- format STL
Honeycomb grid STL file, 250x250mm, mesh: 10mm
Square grid model as a STL file. The overall size is 250x250 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 250 mm
width or center-to-center 250 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes no

📦 Model #1172

1 object(s)
- format STL
O'ring STL file ID 200 × CS 8 mm
STL file of O-ring with dimensions ID (inner diameter) 200 mm by section thickness 8  mm. The outer diameter resulting is therefore 216 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
inner diameter (ID) 200 mm
cross section (CS) 8 mm

📦 Model #4475

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 40–37 mm (Length: 118 mm)
Straight tube fitting ⌀40 mm to ⌀37 mm in STL format. Total length of this connector is 118 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 38 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends have a fillet to make tube connection easier.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 38 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 37 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...
Download this rectangular protective honeycomb grid file in STL format. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 165x105 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 175x115 mm, with standard 5 mm cell size for balanced airflow and protection. This grid provides both mechanical protection and airflow.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 165 mm
width or center-to-center 105 mm
mesh size 5 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm

📦 Model #1483

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 200–50 mm (Length: 80 mm)
Tube reducer ⌀200 mm to ⌀50 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this junction is 80 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 30 mm, the smaller one of 30 mm as well. The ends have no fillet.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 30 mm
side A outer diameter 200 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 30 mm
side B outer diameter 50 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 20 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #4393

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 300–32 mm (Length: 65 mm)
Straight tube connector ⌀300 mm to ⌀32 mm in STL format. Total length of this connector is 65 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 10 mm, the smaller one of 15 mm. The two axes of the tubes are off-center by 130 mm. The ends have a fillet on the inside to ease the connection.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 10 mm
side A outer diameter 300 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 15 mm
side B outer diameter 32 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 130 mm
ends fillet fillet on th...
3D model in STL format of a round-to-rectangular tube adapter with an outer diameter of ⌀81 mm and a rectangular section with internal dimensions 102×46 mm. The shell thickness is 3 mm and the total length is 100 mm. The adapter has an offset of 25 mm along the Y axis and 25 mm along the Z axis.
Parameter Value Unit
cylinder outer diameter 81 mm
cylinder inlet length 20 mm
rectangle internal length 102 mm
rectangle internal height 46 mm
rectangle inlet length 30 mm
offset Z 25 mm
offset Y 25 mm
total length 100 mm
thickness 3 mm
chamfer no chamfer

📦 Model #4503

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 125–80 mm (Length: 105 mm)
Straight tube coupler ⌀125 mm to ⌀80 mm in STL format. Total length of this junction is 105 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends are raw.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 125 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 80 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 30 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet
3D model of washer / gasket in STL 3D file format. This part features an inner diameter of ⌀3.9 mm and an outer diameter of ⌀6.9 mm. The total thickness is 4.3 mm. This part has no finish applied.
Parameter Value Unit
inner diameter 3.9 mm
outer diameter 6.9 mm
thickness 4.3 mm
finish none

📦 Model #3502

1 object(s)
- format STL
Protective grid STL 3D file, 60x60mm, mesh: 8mm
Download this 3D square honeycomb grid model in STL format. The overall size is 60x60 mm, with wide 8 mm cell size for optimal air circulation. This type of grid serves both protection and ventilation roles.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 60 mm
width or center-to-center 60 mm
mesh size 8 mm
dual color no
holes no
Enclosure with screw-mounted lid STL file: 100×100×45 mm (with ventilation on the lid)
View of object #0
Download this enclosure model with screwed lid in 3D STL format. The dimensions are 100 mm long by 100 mm wide and 45 mm high. The lid only is 10 mm high. Wall thickness is 3 mm. This enclosure features significant cooling area on the lid.
Parameter Value Unit
length 100 mm
width 100 mm
total height 45 mm
lid height 10 mm
wall thickness 3 mm
screw margin 0.1 mm
fit clearance 0.1 mm
cooling level 10
cooling zone(s) cutouts on t...
Download this 3D fan guard model in STL format. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 108x108 mm), each with a diameter of Ø6 mm. The overall dimensions reach 120x120 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This type of grid serves both protection and ventilation roles.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 108 mm
width or center-to-center 108 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 6 mm
Model of a pipe elbow with an 80° angle in STL format. This elbow has an external diameter of 48.3 mm and an internal diameter of 42.1 mm. This results in a tube thickness of 3.1 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
outer diameter 48.3 mm
inner diameter 42.1 mm
angle 80 °
end fillets no
File of a round air vent for ventilation in STL format. Its insertion diameter measures 80 mm. The slats have a steep angle of 60° and a high thickness of 2.4 mm. A central reinforcement secures the whole structure. This aeration grille has a flange of 10 mm. The overall diameter of the model is 100 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
male diameter 80 mm
slat angle 60 °
slat thickness 2.4 mm
flange width 10 mm
central reinforcement yes

📦 Model #2626

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL file ⌀ 69–46 mm (Length: 85 mm)
Inline tube coupler ⌀69 mm to ⌀46 mm in STL format. Total length of this adapter is 85 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a length of 30 mm, the smaller one of 30 mm as well. The ends are not rounded.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 30 mm
side A outer diameter 69 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 30 mm
side B outer diameter 46 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 25 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #2390

1 object(s)
- format STL
Round air vent STL 3D file ∅ 115 mm, slat angle: 45°
3D file of a round grille for air circulation in STL format. Its male diameter is 115 mm. The slats have an angle of 45° and a high thickness of 2 mm. This ventilation grille has a collar of 10 mm. The full diameter of this model is 135 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
male diameter 115 mm
slat angle 45 °
slat thickness 2 mm
flange width 10 mm
central reinforcement no
Download this model in STL format of a round-to-rectangular tube adapter with an external diameter of ⌀103 mm and a rectangular section with internal dimensions 290×28 mm. The wall thickness is 3 mm and the total length is 148 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
cylinder outer diameter 103 mm
cylinder inlet length 50 mm
rectangle internal length 290 mm
rectangle internal height 28 mm
rectangle inlet length 50 mm
offset Z 0 mm
offset Y 0 mm
total length 148 mm
thickness 3 mm
chamfer no chamfer
Round box with lid STL file ⌀ 115 mm - Height: 42 mm, Shell: 3 mm
View of object #0
Get this circular organizing box in 3D STL format. Its diameter is 115 mm and its total height is 42 mm. The wall width is 3 mm. A fillet located at the bottom of the box makes it easier to grab objects.
Parameter Value Unit
external diameter 115 mm
total height 42 mm
wall thickness 3 mm
fit clearance 0.2 mm
inner bottom fillet 1 mm

📦 Model #2665

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 83–63 mm (Length: 120 mm)
Tubing adapter ⌀83 mm to ⌀63 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this adapter is 120 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 15 mm, the smaller one of 15 mm as well. The ends have no fillet.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 15 mm
side A outer diameter 83 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 15 mm
side B outer diameter 63 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 90 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #4497

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 32–19 mm (Length: 65 mm)
Tube fitting ⌀32 mm to ⌀19 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this junction is 65 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 20 mm. The ends are not rounded.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 32 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 20 mm
side B outer diameter 19 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 10 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet
Download this model in STL format of a round-to-rectangular tube adapter with an external diameter of ⌀199 mm and a rectangular section with internal dimensions 204×204 mm. The wall thickness is 3 mm and the total length is 300 mm. Chamfers are applied on the outside of the cylindrical end and on the inside of the rectangular end.
Parameter Value Unit
cylinder outer diameter 199 mm
cylinder inlet length 25 mm
rectangle internal length 204 mm
rectangle internal height 204 mm
rectangle inlet length 25 mm
offset Z 0 mm
offset Y 0 mm
total length 300 mm
thickness 3 mm
chamfer chamfers on ...
3D square protective honeycomb grid model as a STL file. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 107x107 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 117x117 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 107 mm
width or center-to-center 107 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm

📦 Model #4476

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 40–37 mm (Length: 115 mm)
Tube adapter ⌀40 mm to ⌀37 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this connector is 115 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends are rounded to facilitate the connection of the two tubes.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 37 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...

STL: Advantages and Disadvantages for 3D Printing

The STL format is, without question, a cornerstone of 3D printing. This exchange format has established itself as the universal standard for representing 3D models ever since the early days of stereolithography. Its main strength lies in its simplicity: it describes the surface of an object using countless small triangles that form a mesh. This approach, known as tessellation, makes STL 3D files universally compatible with nearly all CAD software and slicers. If you’d like to learn more about this format, check out our article STL: What Is This 3D File Format?.

One of the major advantages of the format lies in this universality: whether you’re using a complex modeling program or a simpler design tool, you can export your 3D models in STL 3D format with near certainty that they’ll be interpreted correctly by your 3D printer. This ease of exchange has played a key role in the widespread adoption of 3D printing, allowing anyone to share and print objects without worrying about software compatibility. Once again, simplicity is its greatest strength.

However, that same simplicity also brings certain limitations. The triangle mesh, while effective for describing geometry, contains no information about colors, textures, or materials. For more advanced projects requiring these details, the STL format starts to show its weaknesses. Additionally, print quality depends directly on the fineness of the tessellation: too few triangles can lead to rough or faceted surfaces, while an overly dense mesh can make the file unnecessarily heavy.

Another notable drawback is the lack of unit management. An STL file doesn’t specify whether dimensions are in millimeters, centimeters, or inches, which can sometimes cause scaling errors when importing into a slicer. Despite these limitations, the STL format remains the go-to standard for converting your 3D models into G-code — the language your printer understands. It continues to be the preferred choice for its robustness and broad compatibility, even as newer formats like 3MF emerge for more specialized needs.

What is parametric modeling?

Parametric modeling is a fundamental approach in computer-aided design (CAD) that reshapes how 3D models are created and managed. Far from being a simple drawing technique, it represents a genuine design philosophy where objects are defined not by fixed shapes, but by variables and intelligent relationships.

This method makes it possible to modify the length, width, or diameter of a part and have the entire design adapt automatically, without the need to redraw everything. At the core of the process are parameters—numerical values (length, angle, thickness, etc.)—linked together through constraints and formulas. For instance, the diameter of a hole can be defined as half the width of a plate; if the width changes, the hole’s diameter instantly adjusts, ensuring the consistency of the design. This interdependence makes 3D models flexible and responsive to changes. One of the main advantages of parametric modeling lies in its ability to simplify customization and enable rapid iteration of designs.

Whether through modeling software such as Fusion 360 or FreeCAD, or through code-based libraries like build123d, this approach allows effortless exploration of a wide range of variations. Such flexibility is especially valuable across multiple fields—from mechanical engineering and architecture to consumer product design. It saves considerable time, reduces errors, and improves the performance of parts.

By defining design intent from the start through these parameters and constraints, the model preserves its integrity and functionality even after numerous modifications. It is a powerful way to transform an idea into a tangible object, ready to adapt to new situations.