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why Modeling Strategy Matters in Procedural CAD Modeling why Modeling Strategy Matters in Procedural CAD Modeling

Why does modeling strategy matter so much in procedural CAD? Two scripts can produce the exact same geometry while showing very different generation times.

Using a concrete build123d example, this article explains why certain operations, such as fillets, become expensive when repeated at scale, and how a simple change in approach can drastically reduce computation time.

A clear overview of the key challenges in procedural modeling, highlighting the direct impact of design choices on CAD engine performance.

A selection of custom 3D models

📦 Model #1801

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 110–100 mm (Length: 35 mm)
Tube coupler ⌀110 mm to ⌀100 mm in STL format. Final length of this adapter is 35 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 20 mm, the smaller one of 10 mm. The ends are raw.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 20 mm
side A outer diameter 110 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 10 mm
side B outer diameter 100 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 5 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #4475

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 40–37 mm (Length: 118 mm)
Straight tube fitting ⌀40 mm to ⌀37 mm in STL format. Total length of this connector is 118 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 38 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends have a fillet to make tube connection easier.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 38 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 37 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...
Model in STL format of a round-to-rectangular tube adapter with an external diameter of ⌀165 mm and a rectangular section with inner dimensions 300×120 mm. The shell thickness is 3 mm and the total length is 200 mm. The adapter has an offset of 35 mm along the Z axis. Chamfers are present on the outside of the cylindrical end and on the inside of the rectangular end to ease insertion.
Parameter Value Unit
cylinder outer diameter 165 mm
cylinder inlet length 30 mm
rectangle internal length 300 mm
rectangle internal height 120 mm
rectangle inlet length 40 mm
offset Z 35 mm
offset Y 0 mm
total length 200 mm
thickness 3 mm
chamfer chamfers on ...
3D model of washer / gasket in STL 3D file format. This part features an inner diameter of ⌀3.9 mm and an outer diameter of ⌀6.9 mm. The total thickness is 4.3 mm. This part has no finish applied.
Parameter Value Unit
inner diameter 3.9 mm
outer diameter 6.9 mm
thickness 4.3 mm
finish none
Small parts organizer with 25 drawers 60×60×60 mm STL 3D file, thickness: 2 mm
View of object #0
File of a storage box with drawers in 3D STL format. This model contains 25 drawers, arranged in 5 rows and 5 columns. Practically speaking, this means 5 rows of 5 drawers. Each drawer has usable dimensions of 60 mm wide, 60 mm high, and 60 mm deep. The wall thickness is 2 mm. The overall dimensions of the box come to 334.5 x 324.5 x 66 mm. All the objects in this model were designed to be printed without support.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 5
number of columns 5
inner drawer depth 60 mm
inner drawer width 60 mm
inner drawer height 60 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
removable divider none

📦 Model #3502

1 object(s)
- format STL
Protective grid STL 3D file, 60x60mm, mesh: 8mm
Download this 3D square honeycomb grid model in STL format. The overall size is 60x60 mm, with wide 8 mm cell size for optimal air circulation. This type of grid serves both protection and ventilation roles.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 60 mm
width or center-to-center 60 mm
mesh size 8 mm
dual color no
holes no

📦 Model #1080

1 object(s)
- format STL
Multi-compartment box STL file: 144 compartments of 20×20×32 mm
This STL 3D design of a sectioned box provides 144 sections measuring 20×20×32mm each. The total dimensions of the box are 292×292×36mm. The separators are particularly thick.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 12
number of columns 12
compartment length 20 mm
compartment width 20 mm
compartment height 32 mm
wall thickness 4 mm
compartment fillet (radius) 1 mm
Round box with lid STL 3D file ⌀ 50 mm - Height: 60 mm, Shell: 2 mm
View of object #0
Download this cylindrical box model in 3D STL format. Its diameter is 50 mm and its height is 60 mm. The wall thickness is 2 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
external diameter 50 mm
total height 60 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
fit clearance 0.2 mm
inner bottom fillet 0 mm

📦 Model #1856

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 40–35 mm (Length: 130 mm)
Inline tube reducer ⌀40 mm to ⌀35 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this adapter is 130 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a length of 30 mm, the smaller one of 50 mm. The ends are raw.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 30 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 50 mm
side B outer diameter 35 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 50 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #4396

1 object(s)
- format STL
Honeycomb grid STL file, 250x250mm, mesh: 10mm
Square grid model as a STL file. The overall size is 250x250 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 250 mm
width or center-to-center 250 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes no
Rectangular duct adapter downloadable as STL 3D file. The internal cross-section on side A is 79x33 mm (rectangular), while side B is 66.7x28 mm (rectangular). Each sleeve provides an insertion length of 10 mm. The transition section runs for 20 mm and the overall length is 40 mm, sleeves included. Inner and outer edges at both ends are left unchamfered.
Parameter Value Unit
side A internal width 79 mm
side A internal height 33 mm
sleeve length on side A 10 mm
side B internal width 66.7 mm
side B internal height 28 mm
sleeve length on side B 10 mm
thickness 2 mm
transition length 20 mm
Y offset 0 mm
Z offset 0 mm
end chamfers none

📦 Model #2569

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 155–90 mm (Length: 160 mm)
Straight tube coupler ⌀155 mm to ⌀90 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this connector is 160 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a thickness of 4 mm and a length of 60 mm. The smaller-diameter tube has a thickness of 5 mm and a length of 40 mm. The two axes of the tubes are off-center by 25.4 mm. The ends are not rounded.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 60 mm
side A outer diameter 155 mm
side A thickness 4 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 90 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 60 mm
axis offset 25.4 mm
ends fillet no fillet
Round box with lid STL 3D file ⌀ 134 mm - Height: 20 mm, Shell: 2 mm
View of object #0
Get this circular box model in 3D STL format. Its diameter is 134 mm and its total height is 20 mm. The wall thickness is 2 mm. A fillet located at the bottom of the box makes it easier to grip objects.
Parameter Value Unit
external diameter 134 mm
total height 20 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
fit clearance 0.2 mm
inner bottom fillet 1 mm

📦 Model #2390

1 object(s)
- format STL
Round air vent STL 3D file ∅ 115 mm, slat angle: 45°
3D file of a round grille for air circulation in STL format. Its male diameter is 115 mm. The slats have an angle of 45° and a high thickness of 2 mm. This ventilation grille has a collar of 10 mm. The full diameter of this model is 135 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
male diameter 115 mm
slat angle 45 °
slat thickness 2 mm
flange width 10 mm
central reinforcement no

📦 Model #4497

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 32–19 mm (Length: 65 mm)
Tube fitting ⌀32 mm to ⌀19 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this junction is 65 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 20 mm. The ends are not rounded.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 32 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 20 mm
side B outer diameter 19 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 10 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet
Download this model in STL format of a round-to-rectangular tube adapter with an outer diameter of ⌀147 mm and a rectangular section with internal dimensions 200×60 mm. The wall thickness is 3 mm and the total length is 200 mm. The adapter has an offset of 60 mm along the Z axis.
Parameter Value Unit
cylinder outer diameter 147 mm
cylinder inlet length 30 mm
rectangle internal length 200 mm
rectangle internal height 60 mm
rectangle inlet length 30 mm
offset Z 60 mm
offset Y 0 mm
total length 200 mm
thickness 3 mm
chamfer no chamfer

📦 Model #4476

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 40–37 mm (Length: 115 mm)
Tube adapter ⌀40 mm to ⌀37 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this connector is 115 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends are rounded to facilitate the connection of the two tubes.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 37 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...
3D square protective honeycomb grid model as a STL file. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 107x107 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 117x117 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 107 mm
width or center-to-center 107 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm
3D file of a mounting bracket with a central reinforcement in STL format. The dimensions are 150 mm in length, 150 mm in height, 14 mm in width, and 6 mm in thickness. The screw holes are designed with a diameter of 6 mm. Chamfers are applied to the holes to improve the seating of the heads. The central reinforcement bar reduces bending and provides two clearances for screwdriver access. No support is needed to print this bracket, printed flat on the build plate.
Parameter Value Unit
length 150 mm
height 150 mm
width 14 mm
thickness 6 mm
hole diameter 6 mm
chamfer on the holes yes

📦 Model #4503

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 125–80 mm (Length: 105 mm)
Straight tube coupler ⌀125 mm to ⌀80 mm in STL format. Total length of this junction is 105 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends are raw.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 125 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 80 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 30 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet
Small parts organizer with 14 drawers 50×30×30 mm STL file, thickness: 2 mm
View of object #0
File of a DIY organizer in STL format. This model contains 14 compartments, arranged in 7 rows and 2 columns. Practically speaking, this means 7 rows of 2 compartments. Each compartment has usable dimensions of 50 mm wide, 30 mm high, and 30 mm deep. The wall thickness is 2 mm. The total size of the structure are 115 x 243.5 x 36 mm. All the objects in this model were designed to be printable without support generation.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 7
number of columns 2
inner drawer depth 30 mm
inner drawer width 50 mm
inner drawer height 30 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
removable divider none

📦 Model #2772

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 120–16 mm (Length: 30 mm)
Inline tube coupler ⌀120 mm to ⌀16 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this adapter is 30 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a length of 5 mm, the smaller one of 10 mm. The ends have a fillet to ease the connection.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 5 mm
side A outer diameter 120 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 10 mm
side B outer diameter 16 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 15 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...
Download this 3D model of a bowl in STL 3D format. This model can be used for storing small parts in a workshop or on a desk. The sides are vertical, providing a constant internal volume, with a internal height of 77 mm and an identical internal diameter at the top and bottom of 114 mm. The wall is particularly massive. The overall height of the bowl is 81 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
inner bottom diameter 114 mm
inner top diameter 114 mm
inner height 77 mm
wall thickness 4 mm
3D square protective honeycomb grid file in STL format. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 120x120 mm), each with a diameter of Ø8 mm. The overall dimensions reach 136x136 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for peak ventilation. This grid functions as both a mechanical guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 120 mm
width or center-to-center 120 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 8 mm
STL 3D file for an oval hose fitting. The internal cross-section on side A is 140x80 mm, while on side B it is 130x35 mm. You get a sleeve of 8 mm on side A and 6 mm on side B. The transition links the two ends over 40 mm, with a total overall length of 54 mm. Internal chamfers at the ends improve assembly and make insertion smoother.
Parameter Value Unit
side A internal width 140 mm
side A internal height 80 mm
sleeve length on side A 8 mm
side B internal width 130 mm
side B internal height 35 mm
sleeve length on side B 6 mm
thickness 2 mm
transition length 40 mm
Y offset 0 mm
Z offset 0 mm
end chamfers inside

📦 Model #4447

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 100–79 mm (Length: 240 mm)
Straight tube fitting ⌀100 mm to ⌀79 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this sleeve is 240 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a thickness of 4 mm and a sleeve length of 100 mm. The smaller-diameter tube has a thickness of 5 mm and a length of 100 mm as well. The axes of the tubes are offset by 11.4 mm. The ends feature an external fillet.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 100 mm
side A outer diameter 100 mm
side A thickness 4 mm
side B length 100 mm
side B outer diameter 79 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 11.4 mm
ends fillet fillet on th...
Download this rectangular protective honeycomb grid model in STL format. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 210x110 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 220x120 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for peak ventilation. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 210 mm
width or center-to-center 110 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm
This parametric compartment box provides 3 storage spaces measuring 100×50×85mm each. Overall dimensions of the box are 104×158×87mm. Fillets of 2mm applied to all compartments provide a better grip stored in slots.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 3
number of columns 1
compartment length 100 mm
compartment width 50 mm
compartment height 85 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
compartment fillet (radius) 2 mm

📦 Model #1483

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 200–50 mm (Length: 80 mm)
Tube reducer ⌀200 mm to ⌀50 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this junction is 80 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 30 mm, the smaller one of 30 mm as well. The ends have no fillet.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 30 mm
side A outer diameter 200 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 30 mm
side B outer diameter 50 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 20 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet
Small parts organizer with 16 drawers 100×100×100 mm STL 3D file, thickness: 3 mm
View of object #0
File of a storage case in STL format. This model contains 16 compartments, arranged in 4 rows and 4 columns. Practically speaking, this means 4 rows of 4 compartments. Each compartment provides an inside space of 100 mm wide, 100 mm high, and 100 mm deep. The wall thickness is 3 mm, which makes the structure sturdy. The global dimensions of the box are 441 x 429 x 109 mm. All the objects in this model are intended to be printed without support generation.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 4
number of columns 4
inner drawer depth 100 mm
inner drawer width 100 mm
inner drawer height 100 mm
wall thickness 3 mm
removable divider none

STL: Advantages and Disadvantages for 3D Printing

The STL format is, without question, a cornerstone of 3D printing. This exchange format has established itself as the universal standard for representing 3D models ever since the early days of stereolithography. Its main strength lies in its simplicity: it describes the surface of an object using countless small triangles that form a mesh. This approach, known as tessellation, makes STL 3D files universally compatible with nearly all CAD software and slicers. If you’d like to learn more about this format, check out our article STL: What Is This 3D File Format?.

One of the major advantages of the format lies in this universality: whether you’re using a complex modeling program or a simpler design tool, you can export your 3D models in STL 3D format with near certainty that they’ll be interpreted correctly by your 3D printer. This ease of exchange has played a key role in the widespread adoption of 3D printing, allowing anyone to share and print objects without worrying about software compatibility. Once again, simplicity is its greatest strength.

However, that same simplicity also brings certain limitations. The triangle mesh, while effective for describing geometry, contains no information about colors, textures, or materials. For more advanced projects requiring these details, the STL format starts to show its weaknesses. Additionally, print quality depends directly on the fineness of the tessellation: too few triangles can lead to rough or faceted surfaces, while an overly dense mesh can make the file unnecessarily heavy.

Another notable drawback is the lack of unit management. An STL file doesn’t specify whether dimensions are in millimeters, centimeters, or inches, which can sometimes cause scaling errors when importing into a slicer. Despite these limitations, the STL format remains the go-to standard for converting your 3D models into G-code — the language your printer understands. It continues to be the preferred choice for its robustness and broad compatibility, even as newer formats like 3MF emerge for more specialized needs.

What is parametric modeling?

Parametric modeling is a fundamental approach in computer-aided design (CAD) that reshapes how 3D models are created and managed. Far from being a simple drawing technique, it represents a genuine design philosophy where objects are defined not by fixed shapes, but by variables and intelligent relationships.

This method makes it possible to modify the length, width, or diameter of a part and have the entire design adapt automatically, without the need to redraw everything. At the core of the process are parameters—numerical values (length, angle, thickness, etc.)—linked together through constraints and formulas. For instance, the diameter of a hole can be defined as half the width of a plate; if the width changes, the hole’s diameter instantly adjusts, ensuring the consistency of the design. This interdependence makes 3D models flexible and responsive to changes. One of the main advantages of parametric modeling lies in its ability to simplify customization and enable rapid iteration of designs.

Whether through modeling software such as Fusion 360 or FreeCAD, or through code-based libraries like build123d, this approach allows effortless exploration of a wide range of variations. Such flexibility is especially valuable across multiple fields—from mechanical engineering and architecture to consumer product design. It saves considerable time, reduces errors, and improves the performance of parts.

By defining design intent from the start through these parameters and constraints, the model preserves its integrity and functionality even after numerous modifications. It is a powerful way to transform an idea into a tangible object, ready to adapt to new situations.