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why Modeling Strategy Matters in Procedural CAD Modeling why Modeling Strategy Matters in Procedural CAD Modeling

Why does modeling strategy matter so much in procedural CAD? Two scripts can produce the exact same geometry while showing very different generation times.

Using a concrete build123d example, this article explains why certain operations, such as fillets, become expensive when repeated at scale, and how a simple change in approach can drastically reduce computation time.

A clear overview of the key challenges in procedural modeling, highlighting the direct impact of design choices on CAD engine performance.

A selection of custom 3D models

Download this rectangular grid model in STL format. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 90x64 mm), each with a diameter of Ø4 mm. The overall dimensions reach 98x72 mm, with extra fine 3 mm cell size for maximum protection. This type of grid serves both protection and ventilation roles.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 90 mm
width or center-to-center 64 mm
mesh size 3 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 4 mm
Small parts organizer with 1 drawer 80×35×150 mm STL 3D file, thickness: 2 mm
View of object #0
File of a multi-drawer unit in 3D STL format. This model features 1 box, arranged in 1 rows and 1 columns. In detail, this means 1 rows of 1 boxes. Each box has usable dimensions of 80 mm wide, 35 mm high, and 150 mm deep. The wall thickness is 2 mm. The box features 1 divider, allowing up to 2 compartments. The global dimensions of the box measure 88.5 x 41.5 x 156 mm. All the objects in this model are intended to be printable without support.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 1
number of columns 1
inner drawer depth 150 mm
inner drawer width 80 mm
inner drawer height 35 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
removable divider one divider ...

📦 Model #4476

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 40–37 mm (Length: 115 mm)
Tube adapter ⌀40 mm to ⌀37 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this connector is 115 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends are rounded to facilitate the connection of the two tubes.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 37 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...

📦 Model #3502

1 object(s)
- format STL
Protective grid STL 3D file, 60x60mm, mesh: 8mm
Download this 3D square honeycomb grid model in STL format. The overall size is 60x60 mm, with wide 8 mm cell size for optimal air circulation. This type of grid serves both protection and ventilation roles.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 60 mm
width or center-to-center 60 mm
mesh size 8 mm
dual color no
holes no
Design of a round grille for air circulation in STL format. Its insertion diameter is 90 mm. The slats have an angle of 35° and a high thickness of 2.4 mm. A centered vertical reinforcement strengthens the whole structure. This aeration grille features a prominent flange of 18 mm. The total diameter of the model is 126 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
male diameter 90 mm
slat angle 35 °
slat thickness 2.4 mm
flange width 18 mm
central reinforcement yes

📦 Model #1124

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 50–40 mm (Length: 50 mm)
Tube junction ⌀50 mm to ⌀40 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this coupler is 50 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a length of 20 mm, the smaller one of 20 mm as well. The ends have a fillet to facilitate the connection of the two tubes.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 20 mm
side A outer diameter 50 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 20 mm
side B outer diameter 40 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 10 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...
Round box with lid STL 3D file ⌀ 134 mm - Height: 20 mm, Shell: 2 mm
View of object #0
Get this circular box model in 3D STL format. Its diameter is 134 mm and its total height is 20 mm. The wall thickness is 2 mm. A fillet located at the bottom of the box makes it easier to grip objects.
Parameter Value Unit
external diameter 134 mm
total height 20 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
fit clearance 0.2 mm
inner bottom fillet 1 mm

📦 Model #4396

1 object(s)
- format STL
Honeycomb grid STL file, 250x250mm, mesh: 10mm
Square grid model as a STL file. The overall size is 250x250 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 250 mm
width or center-to-center 250 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes no

📦 Model #3570

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube clip holder Ø31 mm STL 3D file · Countersunk screw Ø3 mm
3D model of a Ø31 mm snap-on tube holder in STL format. The fastening is done by means of a flat head screw Ø3 mm. This snap-on tube holder is designed for a secure hold with easy setup.
Parameter Value Unit
tube diameter 31 mm
hole diameter 3 mm
countersunk screw yes

📦 Model #4503

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 125–80 mm (Length: 105 mm)
Straight tube coupler ⌀125 mm to ⌀80 mm in STL format. Total length of this junction is 105 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends are raw.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 125 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 80 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 30 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #2177

1 object(s)
- format STL
O'ring STL 3D file ID 48 × CS 1.7 mm
Model of O-ring (torus-shaped seal) with Inner diameter 48 mm by section thickness 1.7  mm. Outer diameter (OD) resulting is 51.4 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
inner diameter (ID) 48 mm
cross section (CS) 1.7 mm
3D square protective honeycomb grid model as a STL file. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 107x107 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 117x117 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for maximum airflow. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 107 mm
width or center-to-center 107 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm

📦 Model #4475

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 40–37 mm (Length: 118 mm)
Straight tube fitting ⌀40 mm to ⌀37 mm in STL format. Total length of this connector is 118 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 5 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 38 mm, the smaller one of 40 mm. The ends have a fillet to make tube connection easier.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 38 mm
side A outer diameter 40 mm
side A thickness 5 mm
side B length 40 mm
side B outer diameter 37 mm
side B thickness 5 mm
transition length 40 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on bo...
Oval connector available as a STL 3D file. On side A, the internal cross-section is 140x50 mm, whereas on side B it is 130x35 mm. You get a sleeve of 8 mm on side A and 6 mm on side B. The central transition occupies 40 mm, bringing the overall length to 54 mm. The internal chamfers help start the duct insertion more easily.
Parameter Value Unit
side A internal width 140 mm
side A internal height 50 mm
sleeve length on side A 8 mm
side B internal width 130 mm
side B internal height 35 mm
sleeve length on side B 6 mm
thickness 2 mm
transition length 40 mm
Y offset 0 mm
Z offset 0 mm
end chamfers inside

📦 Model #1483

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL file ⌀ 200–50 mm (Length: 80 mm)
Tube reducer ⌀200 mm to ⌀50 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this junction is 80 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 30 mm, the smaller one of 30 mm as well. The ends have no fillet.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 30 mm
side A outer diameter 200 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 30 mm
side B outer diameter 50 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 20 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

📦 Model #2390

1 object(s)
- format STL
Round air vent STL 3D file ∅ 115 mm, slat angle: 45°
3D file of a round grille for air circulation in STL format. Its male diameter is 115 mm. The slats have an angle of 45° and a high thickness of 2 mm. This ventilation grille has a collar of 10 mm. The full diameter of this model is 135 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
male diameter 115 mm
slat angle 45 °
slat thickness 2 mm
flange width 10 mm
central reinforcement no
Color-coded compartment box STL 3D file: 24 compartments of 20×20×20 mm
View of object #0
This 3D model in STL format of a organizer box with colored rings includes 24 cavities measuring 20×20×20 mm each. Overall dimensions of the box are 141×95×23 mm. Fillets of 2 mm applied to each compartment, aid item retrieval from the slots.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 4
number of columns 6
compartment length 20 mm
compartment width 20 mm
compartment height 20 mm
wall thickness 3 mm
compartment fillet (radius) 2 mm
row colors ABCD
Download this 3D model of flat gasket / washer in STL file format. This model features an inner diameter of ⌀50 mm and an outer diameter of ⌀55 mm. The thickness is 5 mm. Fillets are applied on the outer diameter, each with a value of 1.5 mm. These finishes are present on both faces.
Parameter Value Unit
inner diameter 50 mm
outer diameter 55 mm
thickness 5 mm
finish fillet
finish position outer
sides two sides
finish value 1.5 mm
Download this STL 3D model of a simple U-shaped furniture handle. The external dimensions are 50×100×14 mm. This handle has a square profile and a rounded transition. A light fillet along the edges ensures a more pleasant grip. The mounting holes are 6 mm diameter and have a 86 mm center-to-center distance.
Parameter Value Unit
width 50 mm
length 100 mm
thickness 14 mm
shape (0:square,1:circle) 0
transition (0:right,1:rounded) 1
fillet radius 1 mm
hole diameter 6 mm

📦 Model #2838

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tube adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 99–62 mm (Length: 90 mm)
Tubing adapter ⌀99 mm to ⌀62 mm in STL 3D format. Total length of this fitting is 90 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 3 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 35 mm as well. The ends are rounded on the inside.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 99 mm
side A thickness 3 mm
side B length 35 mm
side B outer diameter 62 mm
side B thickness 3 mm
transition length 20 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet fillet on th...
3D file of a mounting bracket with a central reinforcement in STL format. The dimensions are 150 mm in length, 150 mm in height, 14 mm in width, and 6 mm in thickness. The screw holes are designed with a diameter of 6 mm. Chamfers are applied to the holes to improve the seating of the heads. The central reinforcement bar reduces bending and provides two clearances for screwdriver access. No support is needed to print this bracket, printed flat on the build plate.
Parameter Value Unit
length 150 mm
height 150 mm
width 14 mm
thickness 6 mm
hole diameter 6 mm
chamfer on the holes yes
Download this rectangular protective honeycomb grid model in STL format. Mounting holes are placed at the four corners (center-to-center 210x110 mm), each with a diameter of Ø5 mm. The overall dimensions reach 220x120 mm, with very large 10 mm cell size for peak ventilation. This grid serves as both a protective guard and a ventilation panel.
Parameter Value Unit
length or center-to-center 210 mm
width or center-to-center 110 mm
mesh size 10 mm
dual color no
holes yes
hole diameter 5 mm

📦 Model #3976

1 object(s)
- format STL
Multi-compartment box STL file: 40 compartments of 10×10×5 mm
This 3D model in STL format provides 40 cavities measuring 10×10×5mm each. Overall dimensions are 62×98×7mm. Fillets of 2mm applied to each compartment provide a better grip stored in the compartments.
Parameter Value Unit
number of rows 8
number of columns 5
compartment length 10 mm
compartment width 10 mm
compartment height 5 mm
wall thickness 2 mm
compartment fillet (radius) 2 mm
Model of an elbow with a 90° angle in STL format. This elbow has an outer diameter of 27 mm and an inner diameter of 25 mm. The tube thickness is therefore 1 mm.
Parameter Value Unit
outer diameter 27 mm
inner diameter 25 mm
angle 90 °
end fillets no
3D model of washer / gasket in STL 3D file format. This part features an inner diameter of ⌀3.9 mm and an outer diameter of ⌀6.9 mm. The total thickness is 4.3 mm. This part has no finish applied.
Parameter Value Unit
inner diameter 3.9 mm
outer diameter 6.9 mm
thickness 4.3 mm
finish none
Model of a pipe elbow with a 90° angle in STL format. This pipe elbow features an outer diameter of 40 mm and an inner diameter of 38 mm. This results in a tube thickness of 1 mm. The ends feature fillets to make it easier to assemble.
Parameter Value Unit
outer diameter 40 mm
inner diameter 38 mm
angle 90 °
end fillets yes
Download this model of an angle bracket with reinforcement in STL 3D format. The dimensions are 250 mm in length, 150 mm in height, 20 mm in width, and 5 mm in thickness. The screw holes have a diameter of 5 mm. Chamfers are applied to the holes to seat the screw heads. The reinforcing bar enhances mechanical strength and provides two passages for screwdriver access. No support is needed to print this bracket, placed flat directly on the build plate.
Parameter Value Unit
length 250 mm
height 150 mm
width 20 mm
thickness 5 mm
hole diameter 5 mm
chamfer on the holes yes

📦 Model #1026

1 object(s)
- format STL
Rectangular prism STL 3D file 25×25×40 mm and 5 mm fillets
A STL 3D model of a box. The final dimensions are 25 by 25 by 40 mm. A large fillet softens the edges.
Parameter Value Unit
length 25 mm
width 25 mm
height 40 mm
fillet radius 5 mm
Round box with lid STL 3D file ⌀ 100 mm - Height: 200 mm, Shell: 3 mm
View of object #0
Get this cylindrical storage box in STL format. Its diameter is 100 mm and its total height is 200 mm. The walls have a thickness of 3 mm. A fillet located at the bottom of the box makes it easier to grab stored objects inside.
Parameter Value Unit
external diameter 100 mm
total height 200 mm
wall thickness 3 mm
fit clearance 0.2 mm
inner bottom fillet 1 mm

📦 Model #4497

1 object(s)
- format STL
Tubing adapter STL 3D file ⌀ 32–19 mm (Length: 65 mm)
Tube fitting ⌀32 mm to ⌀19 mm in STL 3D format. Length of this junction is 65 mm. The thickness of the tubes is identical: 2 mm. The larger-diameter tube has a sleeve length of 35 mm, the smaller one of 20 mm. The ends are not rounded.
Parameter Value Unit
side A length 35 mm
side A outer diameter 32 mm
side A thickness 2 mm
side B length 20 mm
side B outer diameter 19 mm
side B thickness 2 mm
transition length 10 mm
axis offset 0 mm
ends fillet no fillet

STL: Advantages and Disadvantages for 3D Printing

The STL format is, without question, a cornerstone of 3D printing. This exchange format has established itself as the universal standard for representing 3D models ever since the early days of stereolithography. Its main strength lies in its simplicity: it describes the surface of an object using countless small triangles that form a mesh. This approach, known as tessellation, makes STL 3D files universally compatible with nearly all CAD software and slicers. If you’d like to learn more about this format, check out our article STL: What Is This 3D File Format?.

One of the major advantages of the format lies in this universality: whether you’re using a complex modeling program or a simpler design tool, you can export your 3D models in STL 3D format with near certainty that they’ll be interpreted correctly by your 3D printer. This ease of exchange has played a key role in the widespread adoption of 3D printing, allowing anyone to share and print objects without worrying about software compatibility. Once again, simplicity is its greatest strength.

However, that same simplicity also brings certain limitations. The triangle mesh, while effective for describing geometry, contains no information about colors, textures, or materials. For more advanced projects requiring these details, the STL format starts to show its weaknesses. Additionally, print quality depends directly on the fineness of the tessellation: too few triangles can lead to rough or faceted surfaces, while an overly dense mesh can make the file unnecessarily heavy.

Another notable drawback is the lack of unit management. An STL file doesn’t specify whether dimensions are in millimeters, centimeters, or inches, which can sometimes cause scaling errors when importing into a slicer. Despite these limitations, the STL format remains the go-to standard for converting your 3D models into G-code — the language your printer understands. It continues to be the preferred choice for its robustness and broad compatibility, even as newer formats like 3MF emerge for more specialized needs.

What is parametric modeling?

Parametric modeling is a fundamental approach in computer-aided design (CAD) that reshapes how 3D models are created and managed. Far from being a simple drawing technique, it represents a genuine design philosophy where objects are defined not by fixed shapes, but by variables and intelligent relationships.

This method makes it possible to modify the length, width, or diameter of a part and have the entire design adapt automatically, without the need to redraw everything. At the core of the process are parameters—numerical values (length, angle, thickness, etc.)—linked together through constraints and formulas. For instance, the diameter of a hole can be defined as half the width of a plate; if the width changes, the hole’s diameter instantly adjusts, ensuring the consistency of the design. This interdependence makes 3D models flexible and responsive to changes. One of the main advantages of parametric modeling lies in its ability to simplify customization and enable rapid iteration of designs.

Whether through modeling software such as Fusion 360 or FreeCAD, or through code-based libraries like build123d, this approach allows effortless exploration of a wide range of variations. Such flexibility is especially valuable across multiple fields—from mechanical engineering and architecture to consumer product design. It saves considerable time, reduces errors, and improves the performance of parts.

By defining design intent from the start through these parameters and constraints, the model preserves its integrity and functionality even after numerous modifications. It is a powerful way to transform an idea into a tangible object, ready to adapt to new situations.